Herbal Bioenhancers: A Natural Strategy for Enhancing Drug Absorption and Therapeutic Efficacy

Abstract:

The therapeutic efficacy of numerous pharmaceutical drugs is often limited by poor bioavailability, necessitating higher dosages that may lead to adverse effects. Herbal bioenhancers, derived from natural plant sources, offer a promising approach to improving drug absorption and efficacy. These compounds work through various mechanisms, including inhibition of drug-metabolizing enzymes, modulation of drug transporters, enhancement of gastrointestinal permeability, and alteration of the pharmacokinetic profile of co-administered drugs. Unlike synthetic bioenhancers, herbal bioenhancers are characterized by lower toxicity, cost-effectiveness, sustainability, and minimal side effects, making them an attractive alternative in drug formulations. Several well-studied herbal bioenhancers, such as piperine (Piper nigrum), curcumin (Curcuma longa), quercetin (Allium sativum), and silymarin (Silybum marianum), have demonstrated significant potential in enhancing drug bioavailability. Piperine inhibits drug-metabolizing enzymes such as CYP3A4 and enhances gastrointestinal permeability, leading to increased systemic drug concentrations. Curcumin modulates drug transporters and exhibits synergistic antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. Quercetin improves drug solubility and inhibits efflux transporters like P-glycoprotein, thereby preventing premature drug elimination. Gingerol and aloin further contribute by enhancing intestinal absorption and influencing enzyme activity.This review comprehensively explores the mechanisms of herbal bioenhancers, their role in improving drug bioavailability, and their applications in pharmaceutical formulations, including their use in combination with synthetic drugs and targeted delivery systems. Additionally, clinical and preclinical studies on herbal bioenhancers are discussed, highlighting their potential in modern medicine. While challenges such as regulatory concerns and standardization persist, the integration of herbal bioenhancers in drug development holds promise for safer, more effective, and personalized therapeutic approaches. Keywords: Herbal bioenhancers, Drug absorption, Enzyme inhibition, Regulatory concerns, Clinical trials.

View PDF